Intensive and Critical Care Nursing
Volume 22, Issue 2 , Pages 95-105 , April 2006

Enteral feeding in the critically ill: Are nursing practices contributing to hypocaloric feeding?

  • Andrea P. Marshall

      Affiliations

    • Critical Care Nursing Professorial Unit, The University of Technology, Sydney, Level 6 Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +61 2 9926 6051; fax: +61 2 9439 8418.
  • ,
  • Sandra H. West

      Affiliations

    • Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
    • Tel.: +61 2 9351 0564; fax: +61 2 9351 0654.

,Accepted 5 September 2005.

References 

  1. Adam S, Batson S. A study of problems associated with the delivery of enteral feed in critically ill patients in five ICUs in the UK. Intensive Care Med. 1997;23:261–266
  2. Adam SK. Aspects of current research in enteral nutrition in the critically ill. Care Crit Ill. 1994;10(6):246–251
  3. Akintorin S, Kamat M, Pildes RS, Kling P, Andes S, Hill J, et al. A prospective randomized trial of feeding methods in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 1997;100(4):E4
  4. Alverdy J, Chi HS, Sheldon GF. The effect of parenteral nutrition on gastrointestinal immunity.The importance of enteral stimulation. Ann Surg. 1985;202(6):681–684
  5. Anderton A. Bacterial contamination of enteral feeds and feeding systems. Clin Nutr. 1993;12(Suppl. 1):516–532
  6. Bastow MD. Complications of enteral nutrition. Gut. 1986;27(Suppl. 1):51–55
  7. Beattie TK, Anderton A, White S. Aspiration (of gastric residuals)—a cause of bacterial contamination of enteral feeding systems?. J Hum Nutr Diet. 1996;9:105–115
  8. Beattie TK, Anderton A. Decanting versus sterile pre-filled nutrient containers—the microbiological risks in enteral feeding. Int J Environ Health Res. 2001;11:81–93
  9. Belknap D, Davidson LJ, Smith CR. The effects of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid on diarrhoea in enterally fed patients. Heart Lung. 1997;26(3):229–237
  10. Belknap DC, Seifert CF, Petermann M. Administration of medications through enteral feeding catheters. Am J Crit Care. 1997;6(5):382–392
  11. Bell SJ, Borlase BC, Swails W, Dascoulias K, Ainsley B, Armour Forse R. Experience with enteral nutrition in a hospital population of acutely ill patients. J Am Diet Assoc. 1994;94(4):414–419
  12. Bellomo R, Bersten AD, Boots RJ, Bristow PJ, Dobb GJ, Finfer SR, et al. The use of antimicrobials in ten Australian and New Zealand intensive care units. Anasth Intensive Care. 1998;26(6):648–653
  13. Berne JD, Norwood SH, McAuley CE, Vallina VL, Villareal D, Weston J, et al. Erythromycin reduces delayed gastric emptying in critically ill trauma patients: a randomized, controlled trial. J Trauma. 2002;53(3):422–425
  14. Berry JK, Braunschweig CA. Nutritional assessment of the critically ill patient. Crit Care Nurs Q. 1998;21(3):33–46
  15. Booker KJ, Niedringhaus L, Eden B, Arnold JS. Comparison of 2 methods of managing gastric residual volumes from feeding tubes. Am J Crit Care. 2000;9(5):318–324
  16. Booth CM, Heyland DK, Paterson WG. Gastrointestinal promotility drugs in the critical care setting: a systematic review of the evidence. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(7):1429–1435
  17. Bowling TE, Silk DBA. Colonic responses to enteral tube feeding. Gut. 1998;42:147–1551
  18. Briggs D. Nasogastric feeding practice in intensive care units: a study. Nurs Stand. 1996;10(49):42–45
  19. Buckley S, Kudsk KA. Metabolic response to critical illness and injury. AACN Clin Issues. 1998;5(4):443–449
  20. Covell DG, Gwen C, Uman RN, Manning PR. Information needs in office practice: are they being met?. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103(4):596–599
  21. DeLegge MH, Sax HC, Zaloga GP. An illustrated guide to enteral access part 2: practical aspects of specific techniques. J Crit Care Nutr. 1996;3(2):26–36
  22. Elpern EH. Advantages of enteral feeding. Perspect Respir Nurs. 1998;May:5–6
  23. Engel JM, Muhling J, Junger A, Menges T, Karcher B, Hempelmann G. Enteral nutrition practice in a surgical intensive care unit: what proporation of energy expenditure is delivered enterally?. Clin Nutr. 2003;22(2):187–192
  24. Flynn KT, Celentano Norton L, Fisher RL. Enteral tube feeding: indications, practices and outcomes. Image: J Nurs Scholarsh. 1987;19(1):16–19
  25. Frankel EH, Enow NB, Jackson KC, Kloiber LL. Methods of restoring patency to occluded feeding tubes. Nutr Clin Pract. 1998;13:129–131
  26. Galban C, Montejo JC, Mesejo A, Marco P, Celaya S, Sanchez-Segura JM, et al. An immune-enhancing enteral diet reduces mortality rate and episodes of bacteremia in septic intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(3):643–648
  27. Ghignone M, Quintin L. Malnutrition and respiratory function. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 1986;24(1):65–74
  28. Giner M, Laviano A, Meguid MM, Gleason JR. In 1995 a correlation between malnutritionand poor outcome in critically ill patients still exists. Nutrition. 1996;12(1):23–29
  29. Goldhill DR, Toner CC, Tarling MM, Baxter K, Withington PS, Whelpton R. Double-blind, randomized study of the effect of cisapride on gastric emptying in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 1997;25(3):447–451
  30. Herlick SJ, Vogt C, Pangman V, Fallis W. Comparison of open versus closed systems of intermittent enteral feeding in two long-term care facilities. Nutr Clin Pract. 2000;15(6):287–298
  31. Heyland D, Dhaliwal R, Drover JW, Gramlich L, Dodek P. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support in mechanically ventilated, critically ill adult patients. JPEN: J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2003;27(5):355–373
  32. Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH. Enteral nutrition in the critically ill patient: a critical review of the evidence. Intensive Care Med. 1993;19:435–442
  33. Hodges C, Vincent PA. Why do NICU nurses not refeed gastric residuals prior to feeding by gavage?. Neonatal Netw. 1993;12(8):37–40
  34. Horn D, Chaboyer W. Gastric feeding in critically ill children: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Crit Care. 2003;12(5):461–468
  35. Huffman S, Pieper P, Jarczyk KS, Bayne A, O’Brien E. Methods to confirm feeding tube placement: application of research in practice. Pediatr Nurs. 2004;30(1):10–13
  36. Jeejeebhoy K. Enteral feeding. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2005;21(2):187–191
  37. Kennedy JF. Enteral feeding for the critically ill patient. Nurs Stand. 1997;1(33):39–43
  38. Kesek D, Akerlind L, Karlsson T. Early enteral nutrition in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit. Clin Nutr. 2002;21(4):303–307
  39. Krupp KB, Heximer B. Going with the flow. Nursing. 1998;28(4):54–55
  40. Kudsk KA. Enteral vs parenteral nutrition: advantages and disadvantages. J Crit Care Nutr. 1996;3(2):3–8
  41. Lebak KJ, Bliss DZ, Savik K, Patten-Marsh KM. What's new on defining diarrhoea in tube-feeding studies?. Clin Nurs Res. 2003;12(2):174–204
  42. Lee B, Chang RWS, Jacobs S. Intermittent nasogastric feeding: a simple and effective method to reduce pneumonia among ventilated ICU patients. Clin Intensive Care. 1990;1(3):100–102
  43. Lin HC, Van Citters GW. Stopping enteral feeding for arbitrary gastric residual volume may not be physiologically sound: results of a computer simulation model. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1997;21(5):286–289
  44. MacLaren R. Intolerance to intragastric enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: complications and management. Pharmacotherapy. 2000;20(12):1486–1498
  45. Mandel E, Worthley J. Skeletons in the hospital closet revisited: the management of enteral nutrition. Nutr Support Serv. 1986;6(2A):44–47
  46. Marshall A, West S., 2003. Enteral feeding practice of registered nurses. Report to the University of Sydney SESQUI Grants Program. Sydney, Australia: The University of Sydney.
  47. Marshall A, West S. Nutritional intake in the critically ill: improving practice through research. Aust Crit Care. 2004;17(1):6–15
  48. Martin CM, Doig GS, Heyland DK, Morrison T, Sibbald WJ. Multicentre, cluster-ransomized clinical trial of algorithms for critical-care enteral and parenteral therapy (ACCEPT). Can Med Assoc J. 2004;170(2):197–204
  49. Matlow A, Wray R, Goldman C, Streitenberger L, Freemen R, Kovach D. Microbial contamination of enteral feed administration sets in a pediatric institution. Am J Infect Control. 2003;31(1):49–53
  50. McClave SA, Lukan JK, Stefater JA, Lowen CC, Looney SW, Matheson PJ, et al. Poor validity of residual volumes as a marker for risk of aspiration in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(2):324–330
  51. McClave SA, Sexton LK, Spain DA, Adams JL, Owens NA, Sullins MB, et al. Enteral tube feeding in the intensive care unit: factors impeding adequate delivery. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(7):1252–1256
  52. McClave SA, Snider HL, Lowen CC, McLaughlin AJ, Greene LM, McCombs RJ, et al. Use of residual volume as a marker for enteral feeding intolerance: prospective blinded comparison with physical examination and radiographic findings. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1992;16(2):99–105
  53. Mentec H, Dupont H, Bocchetti M, Cani P, Ponche F, Bleichner G. Upper digestive intolerance during enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: frequency risk factors and complications. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(10):1955–1961
  54. Metheny NA, Stewart BJ. Testing feeding tube placement during continuous tube feedings.. Appl Nurs Res. 2002;15(4):158–254
  55. Metheny N, Wehrle MA, Wiersema L, Clark J. Testing feeding tube placement: auscultation vs. pH method. Am J Nurs. 1998;98(5):37–42
  56. Metz DC. Preventing the gastrointestinal consequences of stress-related mucosal disease. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21(1):11–18
  57. Nicholas JM, Cornelius MW, Tchorz KM, Tremblay LN, Spiegelman ER, Eastley KA, et al. A two institution experience with 226 endoscopically placed jejunal feeding tubes in critically ill patients. Am J Surg. 2003;186(6):583–590
  58. Okuma T, Nakamura M, Totake H, Fukunaga Y. Microbial contamination of enteral feeding formulas and diarrhoea. Nutrition. 2000;16(9):719–722
  59. Pingleton SK. Nutrition in chronic critical illness. Clin Chest Med. 2001;22(1):149–163
  60. Pneumatikos J, Koulouras B, Frangides C, Goe D, Nakos G. Cisapride decreases gastric content aspiration in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care. 1999;3:39–43
  61. Ravasco P, Camilo ME, Gouveia-Oliveira A, Adam S, Brum G. A critical approach to nutritional assessment in critically ill patients. Clin Nutr. 2002;21(1):73–77
  62. Rodriguez L. Nutritional status: assessing and understanding its value in the critical care setting. Crit Care Nurs Clin N Am. 2004;15(4):509–514
  63. Romito RA. Early administration of enteral nutrients in critically ill patients. AACN Clin Issues. 1995;6(2):242–256
  64. Sax HC. Early nutritional support in critical illness is important. Crit Care Clin. 1996;12(3):661
  65. Schmieding NJ, Waldman RC. Nasogastric tube feeding and medication administration: a survey of nurisng practices. Gastroenterol Nurs. 1997;20(4):118–124
  66. Silkroski M, Allen F, Storm H. Tube feeding audit reveals hidden costs and risks of current practice. Nutr Clin Pract. 1998;13(6):283–290
  67. Spain DA, McClave SA, Sexton LK, Adams JL, Blanford BS, Sullins ME, et al. Infusion protocol improves delivery of enteral tube feeding in the critical care unit. JPEN: J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1999;23(5):288–292
  68. Sriram K, Jayanthi V, Lakshmi RG, George VS. Prophylactic locking of enteral feeding tubes with pancreatic enzymes. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1997;21(6):353–356
  69. Stroud M, Duncan H, Nightingale J. Guidelines for enteral feeding in adult hospital patients. Gut. 2003;52(Suppl. 7):vii1–vii12
  70. Tarling MM, Toner CC, Withington PS, Baxter MK, Whelpton R, Goldhill DR. A model of gastric emptying using paracetamol absorption in intensive care patients. Intensive Care Med. 1997;23:256–260
  71. Wernerman J. Guidelines for nutritional supportin intensive care uint patients: a critical analysis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2005;8(2):171–175
  72. Whelan K, Judd PA, Taylor MA. Defining and reporting diarrhoea during enteral tube feeding: do health professionals agree?. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2003;16(1):21–26
  73. Williams MS, Harper R, Magnuson B, Loan T, Kearney P. Diarrhoea management in enterally fed patients. Nutr Clin Pract. 1998;12:225–229
  74. Zaloga GP. The myth of the gastric residual volume. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(2):449–450

PII: S0964-3397(05)00122-9

doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2005.09.004

Intensive and Critical Care Nursing
Volume 22, Issue 2 , Pages 95-105 , April 2006